An essay(with outline)on the novel by Caroline Knapp...

Thesis: Drinking: A Love Story by Caroline Knapp is a story of one woman s struggle with alcoholism. She discusses the possible link between heredity and alcoholism, how she is effected by alcohol and how her life becomes uncontrollable as a result. I. Introduction to drinking A. Her family B. How it makes her feel 1. Social reasons 2. Avoidance of self-awareness 3. Physical Symptoms II. What is an alcoholic? A. Skid row bum B. High functioning alcoholic III. Is heredity a factor? A. Her father B. Other families IV. Discomfort + drink = no discomfort A. Social situations V. Public vs. private drinking A. No holds barred drinking B. Maintaining the faà §ade VI. Denial A. The rules B. Young, professional, female C.†¦show more content†¦When an alcoholic is alone, the drinking can be done the way he/she wants to do it, with no holds barred and no one watching or judging. Public drinking and the simple matter of the purchase of alcohol are laborious issues for the alcoholic. Caroline points out that she could not visit the same liquor store too often, because the clerk behind the counter might begin to suspect she had a drinking problem. If the alcoholic goes to a restaurant just for a drink, she must order food as well, so no one will guess that 2 all she really wanted was the drink. It is a full time job--keeping the secret. Alcoholics obsess about when they will drink, how much they will drink and what they will drink, while projecting the image of everything s fine...no problem here. Denial is what keeps the alcoholic drinking. The author says all alcoholics have rules. An alcoholic considers him or herself just a normal person who just likes to drink, until they break a rule. For example, one rule may be that unless he/she drives a car with a drink in their hand, they do not have a problem. Once a person breaks that rule, he/she can change it to something else, i.e. killing someone while driving home drunk. Caroline Knapp says that even when she started to think she had a problem with drinking, there was always an excuse: young, professional female...of course she needed that drink. Think of all the pressure she was under! Who could blame her?

Annual School Day Free Essays

List of Indian Classical Music Book Book Title| Author| Publisher| Description| Abhinav Geet Manusha (3 volumes)| Pt. S N Ratanjankar| | | Abhinav Geetanjali| Pt. Ramashreya Jha| | | Acharya Tanarang Ki Bandishen| Acharya V. We will write a custom essay sample on Annual School Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. Ringe (Tanarang)| | | Anup Rag Vilas| Pt. Kumar Gandharva| | Bandishes composed and sung by the author, most available on cassettes. | Bandish/Upaja| Mahammad Husen Khan| | Collection of bandishes composed by the author. | Bhartiya Sangeet Mala| Mirasha Bua| | Collection of traditional bandishes from Gwalior gharana. Bhavrang Lahari| Pt. Balwantrai Bhatt| | Collecton of Bandishes composed by Balwantrai Bhatt. | Dhrupad Dhamar Gayan| Rajabhayya Punchhawale| | Collection of traditional Dhrupad Dhamar bandishs. | Dinarang| Pt. Dinkar Kaikini| | | Geet Manjiri| Pt. Vinaychandra Moudgalya| | | Hindustani Khayal Gayaki| Mirashi Bua| | Collection of Khayals with notations of full improvisation. | Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati| Pt. Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande| | | Jivi Jivai (Golden Voice Golden Years)| Pt. Jasraj| | Bandishes with notations composed by the author. Mai Jaisa Bhi Hun| Balasaheb Punchhawale| | Collecton of bandishes composed by the author. | Mukkam Vashi| Pt. Kumar Gandharva| | | Pranav Bharati| Pt. Omkarnath Thakur| | | Raag Bodh| Prof. B. R. Deodhar| | Collection of traditional compositions. | Raag Darshan| Pt. Manikbuwa Thakurdas| | Collection of Bandishes| Raag Rachananjali| Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande| | Bandishes composed and sung by the author. | Raag Sangraha| Lt. Master Krishnarao| | Collection of traditional compositions taught by Bhaskarbuwa Bakhle. | Raag Sarita| Pt. C R Vyas| | | Raag Vigyan| Pt. V R Patwardhan| | | Rajabhayya Punchhawale Swaranga Darshan| Balasaheb Punchhawale| | Collection of bandishs from repertoire of Pt. Rajabhayya. | Rasa Gunjan| Pt. Birju Maharaj| | | Rasaraaj| Pt. P N Barve| | | Sangeet Kala Prakash| Pt. Ramkrishna Vaze| | Collection of bandishs from repertoire of Pt. Vaze buwa| Swarangini| Dr. Prabha Atre| | Collecton of bandishes composed by the author. | Thumri Parichay| Leela Karwal| | | Thumri Tarangini| Rajabhayya Punchhawale| | Collection of traditional thumris. * A Discography of Hindustani and Karnatic Music. by Michael S. Kinnear / Hardcover / Published 1985 Price: $79. 50 * The Life of Music in North India : The Organization of an Artistic Tradition  by Daniel M. Neuman / Paperback / Published 1990 Price: $25. 00 * Bismillah Khan and Benaras, the Seat of Shehnai  by Rita Ganguly / Hardcover / Published 1994 Price: $30. 00  (Special Order) * Broadcasting : New Patron of Hindustani Music  by B. N. Goswam i / Hardcover / Published 1996 Price: $30. 0  (Special Order) * The Classical Music of North India : The Music of the Baba Allauddin Gharana As Taught Byali Akbar Khan/Volume One : The First Years’ Study  by Ruckert / Paperback / Published 1991 Price: $59. 95   * An Introduction To Hindustani Music  by Arati Chakravarty / Hardcover / Published 1999 Price: $24. 00  (Special Order) * Keywords and Concepts : Hindustani Classical Music  by Ashok Da. Ranade / Hardcover / Published 1990 Price: $26. 00  (Special Order) * Penguin Dictionary of Indian Classical Music  by Raghava R. Menon / Paperback / Published 1995 Price: $9. 0  (Special Order) * Between two tanpuras  by Vaamana Harai Deasapaaonode   * Hindustani sangeet paddhati : Bhatkhande kramik pustak  by Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande * Indian music in performance : a practical introduction  by Neil Sorrell * Indian musical traditions : an aesthetic study of the gharanas in Hindustani music  by Vaamana Ha rai Deasapaaonode * Islamic Contributions to South Asia’s Classical Music  by Mobarak Hossain Khan * Musicians of India : past and present gharanas of Hindustani music and genealogies  by Amala Daaasaasarmaa * Pillars of Hindusthani Music  by B. R. Deodhar, Ram Deshmukh (Translator) * The Ragas of North India  by Walter Kaufmann * The Rags of North Indian Music : Their Structure and Evolution  by Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy * Some immortals of Hindustani music  by Susheela Misra How to cite Annual School Day, Papers

Generally speaking there are certain constants one Essay Example For Students

Generally speaking there are certain constants one Essay can expect form a noir film. Typically a noir film has a plot which depicts the dark and inhumane side of human nature with cynicism, and with emphasis on the brutal, unhealthy, shadowy, dark and sadistic sides of the human experience. In a film like Chinatown (1974), a modern-day film noirthriller, the criteria of the dark side of society is fulfilled by Jakes investigation of the deceiving world of high crime. Through hard-boiled character of Jake Gittes the audience is shown the facade that hides what is sinister and the corrupt in bleak world of noir. Nevertheless this dark element in the film contributes to a greater metaphoric symbol of noirs social comment about the malaises of society. Aside form the unsettling mood of alienation, disillusionment, disenchantment, and pessimism in the world of Chinatown. It shares great likeness with other classic noir films through its characters, particularly with its anti-hero, Jake Gittes and the enigmatic heroine Evelyn Mulray. In film noir, men serve the purpose of the oedipal struggle between the son and individual against forces outside the realm of his control. The character of Jake reluctantly takes on this struggle as the leading male protagonist. Throughout the film Jakes investigation of the story, he uncovers secrets under many layers of coverups, and deception. In unraveling complicated facts, he is deliberately audacious and over confident in deriving explanations for the deeply flowing corruption he unearths. Moreover this is his undoing, compromising his approach to the case he has in turn offset the balance between the good and the evil in the noir scenario, by he himself being apart of the corrupt and indifferent in the noir world. Jakes flaws are meant to coincide with the dark world of the noir. He is the anti-hero with a tarnished past history. Although the film does not elaborate on the details about the tragedy that occurred in his past, it is clear that Jake had been affected deeply and it was the result of the whole attitude of indifference about every thing in Chinatown at the time. In Chinatown no one ever cared or did anything. As a result, Jake is more keen to corruption and the power of money than to the more immediately detrimental corruption of morals by Noah to his daughter Evelyn. Despite Jakes failed attempt to uncover the mystery by himself, he is still given the chance to help right the wrongs of the noir world by helping the victimized Evelyn and her daughter Katherine escape the dark influence of the villainous father Noah. To Jakes dismay the child is not a vision of pureness, but an inbred offspring of immorality and lies. Eventually Jake reasoned that this was an opportunity for a new beginning, at least for those most affected by this world. Everyone has an afflicted past and a dark secret. This was his chance to bury the darkness for both himself and the child. But in the end, hes unable to break free from the constraints of money and power. De gradation prevails and Jakes left to think about how his fate is again shut down by these evil forces. His masculine instincts to separate good from evil to save the good and punish the evil has failed him in the metaphoric real world of Chinatown by the films climax. Retrospectively, Gittes who is the protagonist of a modern-noir film is an innovation on the classical male protagonist. He unlike other noir heros fails to defeat the dark side of the noir world, instead he loses his femme fatale brings tragedy to his good woman. .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 , .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .postImageUrl , .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 , .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235:hover , .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235:visited , .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235:active { border:0!important; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235:active , .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235 .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u373041dda76103f1d3f386fd8785f235:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A good man is hard to find 2 EssayConversely women in film noir serve to express skepticism toward the family and the values that it supports. With few exceptions, noir films divide women into two categories: the femme fatale, an independent, ambitious woman who feels confined within a marriage or a closed male-female relationship and attempts to break free, usually with violent results; the nurturing woman, who is often depicted as dull, featureless, and, in the end, unattainable. Character of Evelyn is one such variation on the female in film noir. She effectively starts out on the femme fatale side of the spectrum and ended up in the role of the good woman at the end of the film. In stark contrast to the visual and narrative representation of the family home is that of the femme fatale herself. An example of this being Evelyn at the beginning of the film. In her first encounter with Jake, she is able to govern her relationship with Jake. Moreover in the role of the femme fatale she exudes a unique sexuality, which she uses to her advantage to define herself and manipulate Jake in order to retain her independence from an oppressive patriarchal relationship. Her body, her actions, her words, and her ability to hold the cameras gaze create a highly charged sexual image that defies attempts by the men in her life and by the film itself to control her or return her to her proper role as a woman. In fact Evelyn fools Jake into thinking that she is a classic femme fatale who resorts to murder to free herself from an unbearable relationship with a man who would try to possess and abuse her, as if she were a piece of property or a pet. Furthermore a classi c femme fatale usually manipulates her man into murdering her oppressor. Evelyn however Evelyn had no such wish for the retribution of her suffering caused by Noah. Film noirs subversive view of family life and womens accepted role in society extends to its portrayal of the good or normal woman. The good woman embraces her traditional place in the family, but she is out of place in film noir. Such was the case with Evelyn when Jake coerced her into revealing the true nature of her relationship with the Katherine mystery girl. When she finally confesses that Katherine was in fact her daughter who was inbred, her true role as the good woman was finally exposed to Jake. As the good woman she offers the hero a chance to escape from the sexy, destructive femme fatale and the dangerous noir world. Nonetheless the good woman often proves to be a mirage that the hero cannot reach. Jake as a result of finding out the truth about Evelyns tragic circumstance find his affair with the femme fata le eclipsed by Evelyns transition to the good woman now accepting her role as the traditional motherly figure. The good woman is by no means the prescription for proper female behavior. However the lack of excitement offered by the safe woman is clearly contrasted with the sensual, passionate appeal of the other, with whom the detectives destruction seemed inevitable. In the role of the good woman she remains passive, nurturing, and nonthreatening. Ultimately, the world of the good woman and normal family values contrasts sharply with the dominant world of film noir in both visual style and narrative content, as if the cultural ideal of family life is a mere fantasy for the noir characters. In film noir, the American dream is indeed a dream. Chinatown unlike many of its precursors is a modern film noir. It earns its distinction from the other noir movies because it found room to innovate while still using past noirfilms as its template. Within the familiar backdrop of the dirty and corrupt noir world, the film brilliantly avoids cliches through the uses of Jake Gittes the anti-hero and Evelyn Mulray, who is best described as a hybrid of the femme fatal and the good woman. Even as she is killed of while trying to flee the noir world to become a good woman in the final reel, she lingers in the audiences imagination as a sexually exciting, sensual being who remained defiant to the bitter end against those who had tried to control her.

Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma

Overview Total quality management (TQM) and Six Sigma are among the most popular quality management strategies. TQM developed from approaches applied to ensure quality in the early years of 20th century. The approach became well defined in 1950s where Japanese companies applied it to improve quality.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By 1970s, TQM was the popular approach in many organizations in the world. Six Sigma is mostly considered an improvement on TQM. The approach originated from Motorola in early 1980s and has gained popularity with many organizations. Total Quality Management TQM refers to a management approach that aims at offering customers with products that meet or go beyond their quality expectations. The approach is focused on customers and ensures all sectors on an organization are keen on quality. The term ‘t otal’ indicates that all individuals in an organization must be dedicated towards quality. The approach is based on continuous improvement in all sectors of an organization in order to achieve high quality (Daft Marcic, 2008). A number of important principles, with hope that by adhering to the principles an organization can be able to achieve and maintain high quality, drive TQM. An organization that chooses to implement TQM is expected to show commitment to the approach by appropriate initiatives and resource allocation. Top executive management play important to success of TQM and are expected to show leadership towards high quality. The approach emphasizes on use of appropriate methodology and tools to determine nonconformity and use of measurement when making decisions on quality (Daft Marcic, 2008). To achieve quality standards, TQM emphasizes on need for training and ensuring that quality improvement enhances customer satisfaction. Company culture and continuous impro vement are the most important principles of TQM (Daft Marcic, 2008). An organization implementing TQM is expected to develop a culture for high quality and make continuous steps to improve quality continuously.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nissan Motor Company is one of successful companies that implements TQM. The company was in operational and financial crisis when it chose to implement the principles of TQM. TQM principles enabled the company to improve on quality of its products and increase customer satisfaction. Six Sigma Six Sigma is a quality management approach that aims at ensuring that 99.99966 percent of products meet quality specifications. The approach has become very popular with many organizations for setting high expectations on quality. An organization that implements Six Sigma is expected to keep defects below 3.4 defects in a millions manufacture d products (Truscott, 2003). Six Sigma approach seeks to achieve the high quality expectations by identifying and elimination sources of errors. In addition to implementing various quality management methods, Six Sigma leads to quality experts recognized by ‘Green belts’, ‘Black Belts’ and others (Truscott, 2003). The designations indicate an individual’s expertise in implementing Six Sigma principles. Two methodologies: DMAIC and DMADV are associated with Six Sigma. DMAIC is implemented to improve existing processes while DMADV is applied on new products or processes. Motorola, Inc. is the best example of organizations that implement Six Sigma. Motorola has implemented Six Sigma since 1981 as its key quality management strategy. The approach has helped the company to provide high quality products consistently. Although the company lost dominance in mobile phones to Nokia in 1990’s, through high quality the company is regaining market share. S ummary Low quality products and services can be very expensive to an organization. There are several quality management strategies to enhance quality, but Six Sigma and TQM are the most popular. The two approaches have similarity in that they emphasize on companywide culture for quality but Six Sigma set higher standards for quality. Many organizations are abandoning TQM for Six Sigma or integrating the two. Reference List Daft, R. Marcic, D. (2008). Understanding Management. New York: Cengage Learning.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Truscott, W. (2003). Six sigma: continual improvement for business: a practical guide. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. This assessment on Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma was written and submitted by user Krystal Park to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

AND A HAPPY ________TO YOU!

AND A HAPPY ________TO YOU! As an ex-full-time greeting card writer for the once third largest greeting card company in America Norcross (Hallmark being #1 and American Greeting #2), I thought I’d pass on some info on this market from my years in the â€Å"humor† department. It was fun being paid to sit and fold white paper from 9-5 everyday and come up with clever (and nice) ways to wish people happiness and well-being. Even though Norcross is now defunct, the rules for writing greeting cards haven’t altered much through the years. Yes, more risquà © humor has entered the market, as well as controversial subjects (such as divorce cards) but the basics haven’t changed. The most important basic is to keep it conversational: write as if talking to a friend. Never invert words or force a rhyme. Some companies still buy rhymes, but greeting card verse is NOT poetry since it is always conversational in style. Rhyming can work when it’s used with familiar figures of speech that are popular in everyday language. However, the main ingredient in a card is a wish, a greeting, a compliment or an expression of appreciation. Always keep the message informal. i.e. don’t say: Just like flowers, our friendship blooms†¦ rather say: It means a lot to have you as a friend†¦ The more natural the verse, the more marketable the card, so if you wouldn’t speak it out loud, don’t write it. Keep it sounding genuine. A good idea before attempting greeting cards is to read and study the market (just like in any other market). Once you become familiar with what’s published (without borrowing anything you see), jot down some of today’s popular expressions. You can pick these up from TV, conversations, or hit songs. Then, think about what you would want to say to a friend or loved one on his birthday, anniversary or when they’re ill. The ability to put yourself in the other person’s shoes is a successful tactic in writing a greeting card wish. Of course, you’ll find it easier to be funny and nasty than funny and nice! But most companies are looking for a pleasant wish to pass along. In submitting ideas, try to limit the number to no more than 10 at one time. Nowadays, depending on the company, you either submit one idea per page with SASE or type your ideas in the body of an email (no attachments allowed). Set up the card like this popular onc I once wrote for Norcross: The very best thing about the Old Days is†¦Inside: They were the YOUNG Days!Happy Birthday! Or this rhyming verse for â€Å"Our Anniversary†I always knew that we would shareA happiness beyond compareThrough ups and downs, through thick and thinInside: I’m with you Ba Though both these verses have been around awhile, they are still viable for today’s market because the sentiment is sincere and the language colloquial. Also, while greeting cards are sent mostly to celebrate an important sentimental or emotional occasion, don’t get too sappy or you could embarrass the one receiving it. And lastly, do limit the personal pronouns (me, I, we) because their usage could limit sales (of course, that does not include Special Title cards for Wife, Husband, Sister/Brother or Sweetheart). In closing may I say: May your verse be sweet and funny And bring you lots of extra money! Seven Current Greeting Card Markets Avanti Press Blue Mountain Pays well, sometimes asks to test market first Designer Greeting Moonlighting Cards Pays $25. Looking for â€Å"love† cards Oatmeal Studios – Looking for humor CaddylackGraffix– funny and sarcastic cards

A Passage to India Questions for Study and Discussion

A Passage to India Questions for Study and Discussion A Passage to India  (1924) is a highly-acclaimed novel by English author E. M. Forster set in India during the Indian independence movement. The story is based on Forsters personal experiences in India, and tells the story of an Indian man wrongfully accused of assaulting an English woman. A Passage to India depicts the racism and social prejudices that existed in India while it was under British rule. The novels title is taken from the Walt Whitman poem of the same name, which was part of Whitmans 1870 poetry collection Leaves of Grass. Here are a few questions for study and discussion, related to A Passage to India: What is important about the books title? Why is it significant that Forster chose this particular Walt Whitman poem as the novels title?   What are the conflicts in A Passage to India? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) are in this novel? How does E.M. Forster reveal character in A Passage to India? What is the symbolic meaning of the caves where the incident with Adela takes place? How would you describe the central character of Aziz?   What changes does Aziz undergo over the course of the story? Is his evolution believable? What is Fieldings true motivation for helping Aziz? Is he consistent in his actions? How are the female characters in A Passage to India portrayed? Was this depiction of women a conscious choice by Forster?   Does the story end the way you expected? Do you consider it a happy ending?   Compare the society and politics of the India of Forsters time to the India of today. What has changed? What is different? How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else? In any other time? This is just one part of our  study  guide  series on A Passage to India. Please see the links below for additional helpful resources. Book Review: A Passage to India ReviewQuotesTerms / Vocabulary

Define and give examples of downwards, upwards and horizontal Essay

Define and give examples of downwards, upwards and horizontal organizational communication. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different forms of c - Essay Example Downward communication is the most studied form of communication in the business organization. As Downward communication is the most widespread form in organizations as those at the top have the facilities and status for instigating communication. They also have a greater require doing so and are definitely less inhibited about taking such action. at times written messages are issued by top executives to all levels of the organization. though this presents the kind of deformation that takes place when oral messages are sent down the line, employees are conditioned to believe that communications must come through their immediate supervisors. while they don't, employees quickly instigate to lose respect for the supervisors (Jeanette W. Gilsdorf; 1998). If you choose to communicate directly, there is the problem assuring that you do not alienate the layers between yourself and the person you are communicating with. You must also be careful of what you say so as not to countermand or cause confusion from what more immediate supervisors have said (Ferrell, March 10, 1998). Several writers, like Marshall McLuhan in The Medium Is the Massage, have explained how media influence the receiver's perceptions of the message. Douglas Brush asserts, "A ten-minute videotape of a chief executive officer announcing a new corporate policy imparts hundreds of times more information than an audiotape of that same message, which contains hundreds of times more information than a printed text of the message." (Brush, pp. 10-11). Downward communication moves from superior to subordinate, whether from the chairman to all employees of the company or from one superior to one subordinate. It is the main form of communication in corporations. More media carry more messages down the management chart than take them upward or horizontally combined. That is not to say that formal communications in the business organization are typically downward or even vertical. Most are horizontal. However most formal ones are downward, as one writer notes: "It is obvious that the bulk of communication in most organizations is downward--directing, instructing, explaining, and the like. The passing on of orders, policies, and plans is the backbone of managerial communication." (Jose R. Goris, Bobby C. Vaught, John D. Pettit Jr, 2000) Katz and Kahn list five purposes of downward communication: 1. Specific task directive: job instructions. 2. Information designed to produce understanding of the task and its relations to other organizational tasks: job rationale. 3. Information about organizational procedures and

Casque d'Or (Golden Marie) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Casque d'Or (Golden Marie) - Movie Review Example The document below reviews the film. Marie is depicted in the film as a woman of significant beauty. She is, however, distressed by the way Roland is treating her. Roland is a criminal and also among the local syndicate. After Marie was introduced to Georges, who was a humble carpenter, she instantly fell in love with him although he was a stranger to her. Roland became jealous after meeting Marie and Georges for several times. He decided to confront Georges. He did it behind a club where his syndicate members were watching. Georges, however, gained control of a knife and killed Roland. Everybody fled after police arrived including Marie, who sought refuge from syndicate at the nearby village (Leahy 7). Georges also decided to flee out of that town. He was, however, enticed to an engagement with Marie by a note that was sent by her. The two started living a peaceful life in a neighboring village. This continued until Georges was informed that Raymond had been arrested for Roland’s murder. This was Felix’s plan, who was the syndicate’s leader. He placed blame on Raymond so as to bring Georges out of a hiding place and win Marie’s control. Without realizing the plan, Georges confessed to the police that he was the real killer. When Raymond was being transported between jails, he broke free after being helped by a diversion by Marie (Deluermoz et al. 34). Georges seeks Felix, immediately to seek revenge. He found him in police presence and killed him. Georges was sentenced to die by guillotine because of the two murders. Marie is revealed very broken and in horror as she watched Georges being executed. The world of petty prostitutes and criminals in Paris is presented directly and simply. The Paris community is revealed as neither rendered gratuitously squalid nor romanticized. Paris  is, however, complex in its right. Although the film’s plot recounts a tragic series of murder, treachery, and death by

The Modernist Theater’s Departure from the Romantic Theater Essay Example for Free

The Modernist Theater’s Departure from the Romantic Theater Essay From the early theater of the Greeks to Broadway, theater had definitely evolved to one of the most accepted and highly communicated form of art. After all, everything is subject to change, the world of theater is no exception. The theater that we know today had undergone heavy changes. In those stages of changes, it had seemed that just after a type of theater has been accepted by the public, another type of theater will arise. It also seems that the following type of theater intentionally digresses from its predecessor just like in the case of the shift from theater of the Romantic period to the Modernist Theater. Much of the theater that our generation experiences (this type of theater can be categorized as post-modern) owes much from Modernist Theater. With that taken into account, Modern theater also owes much from its forerunner Romantic Theater even though Modern Theater intentionally defies the convention set by the theater of the Romantic period. To start off, we will have a brief background of the kind of theater in the Romantic period. The Romantic period followed after period Neoclassical had receded. Perhaps the best and concise way of theater of the Romantic period could be described is with the name of probably one greatest playwright that had ever written, William Shakespeare. He is considered as an immortal in the world of literature simply because his works are still the most popular of plays even if it has been generations since he had wrought it. Other famous playwrights during this time are Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, and Victor Hugo among many others. They plays of William Shakespeare and his fellow playwrights during the Romantic period are usually written in poetic language. This poetic language could also be called as â€Å"elevated language† that is seemingly too complicated to be used in conversations of our generation. The plays during this time were mostly plot driven. The theater of the Romantic period is often criticized as appealing more to the emotion and not to the intellect. It is also a convention that the characters of the plays were of noble status in the society. The plays were designed to be long that they could run for several long acts. Moreover, one their theater many practices is having the audiences distributed within the theater according to the amount that they had paid. (Kermode 2005) All of those conventions and practices were intentionally defied by the Modernist Theater. The language that they used is prosaic, imitating the way people normally speak in casual conversations. The plays are also centering on the characters themselves rather than the plot. Modernist Theater also gave way to the rise of one-act plays that would run for just minutes as opposed to hours in Romantic plays. The plays of Modernist Theater is appealing more to the intellect rather than the emotion, thus they can be called intelligent plays. The seats for the audience are fashioned in such way that there will be no marginalization of the poor and the rich. That is because Modernists wanted to have what they call a â€Å"classless† theater. Aside from the direct deviations from the Romantic Theater, Modernists also gave way for revolutions in the theater world. They had formulated plots that can be considered contemporary so the audience could relate more to the play. Modernists Theater also gave way to a new kind of conflict for plays that they call as â€Å"inner conflict. † (Wainscott 1997) All in all, the Modernist Theater had surfaced because (just like how the Romantic period had replaced the Neoclassical period) the context of theater in general is changed through time. The times are changing and so are the demands of the new audience. Modernist Theater had defied the theater of the Romantic period not because the former has no respect to the latter. It just because some things are not fitting anymore, and the new generations requires changes. Reference Kermode, F. 2005. The Age of Shakespeare. Random House Publishing Group: Ontario Wainscott, R. H. 1997. The Emergence of the Modern American Theater, 1914-1929. Yale University Press

Theory of Sign Essay -- Communication, Signs

To understand how sign functions, semiosis, Morris proposes four elements: Sign vehicle (S), Designatum (D), and Interpretant and interpreter (I). "The mediators are sign vehicles; the taking-account-of are interpretants; the agents of the process are interpreters; what is taken account of are designata" (Morris, 19). Those elements of semiosis become the foundation of branches of linguistics and basic elements of language. The branches of linguistics are semantics is the study of sign in its relation to designatum, pragmatics the study of sign in relation to interpreter, and syntactics the study of sign in relation to other signs. Since language, according to Morris, is â€Å"a system of interconnected signs,† a language must consist of the four elements as he implies in his formula: L= Lsyn + Lsem + Lp (see Morris, 25). However, we might observe that Morris’s definition of language apparently falls into the category of syntactical element. Another objection might be is that by extending the four semiosis elements into linguistics and language, Morris’s definition of sign will be problematic since all objects that are symbolically and linguistically associated with other objects are defined as signs. Therefore one might observe the discrepancy of his definition of sign with examples that he proposes as Lesse demonstrates (see article). Since this paper is aimed at demonstrating my understanding on Morris’ theory of sign, I will describe the problematic aspects of Morris’s arguments if they becomes obstacles for me understand his theory. Morris argues that the object of semiotic does not deal with particular object, but association of four of them, therefore sign is characterized as: â€Å"S is a sign of D for I to the degree that I take... ...tures of particular objects that universal signs refer to -- as a formalist-behaviorist, Morris is unconcerned with mental images since they do not emerge in the relational properties of sign. Describing signs functions in semantic context and universal sign in syntactical context. In contrast, indexical signs are located in syntax; unless we understand that to be meaningful the act of directionality must contain an object, then they are in the realm of semantics. All syntactical relations of signs are subjected to rules. Morris proposes two rules: formation and transformation. Formation rules govern formation of kernel sentences, and transformation rules derivative sentences (Morris, 29). Based on the syntactical rules, Morris suggests the object of syntax is syntactical relations between signs: â€Å"[the relations] determined by syntactical rules† (Morris, 29).

Crash Human Nature Essay

Human nature is The general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioural traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans. * Crash directed by Paul Haggis presents to us an intertwining story set within the streets of LA, confirming and challenging racial stereotypes and at the same time reflecting the ever existing good and dark side of human nature. Human nature drives us all to view â€Å"the other† as bad, evil and untrustworthy, it is complex and every man, despite differences holds the underlying values buried deep into our subconsciousness * In the film crash, Haggis has successfully portrayed the truth about human nature through the conventions of dialogue, camera shot and symbolism, confusing us as viewers, but also giving us an intruging insight into the reality of each and every one of us despite differences in race and background. * Haggis has successfully evoked feelings of uneasiness, confusion, anger and empathy at through the making of the film crash Human nature drives us to fear the unknown, the â€Å"other† in our eyes is seen as evil and that we should steer away from any communication. It may be in relation to race, ethnicity, age, gender or beliefs but in reality each one of us does not have the ability to fight this automatic discrimination against those who are different. * Haggis has successfully reflected this dark aspect of human nature through the convention of dialogue. * In one scene a Persian man is attempting to purchase a gun from a white American. The salesman calls the man â€Å"osama† and then continues to talk about 9/11, he then is aggressively told to leave the shop. * The white American man displays his fear of â€Å"the other† by racially discriminating him through his dialogue, he has his own racist, stereotypical image of this man in his mind automatically relating him to 9/11 and due to his human nature sees him as â€Å"the other† and as untrustworthy to be in his shop telling him he â€Å"has no right to buy a gun here† * In another scene a Hispanic locksmith is changing a white American couples locks on their door after their car had been hijacked. The American woman makes assumptions that this locksmith is going to sell their key to his â€Å"homies† purely because of the way he looks and his race and demands to get her locks changed again in the morning. * The American woman views the locksmith as â€Å"the other† and due to her human nature she fears him, and does not trust him to be in her house. Her judgement is not on personality or individual traits it is based upon the automatic assumptions she makes about him due to his tattoos, dress sense and skin colour. Little does she know that the Hispanic locksmith was in many eyes the only character in crash seen as completely innocent, but due to her ignorance she believed the opposite. * Through dialogue Haggis has successfully positioned the viewer to feel anger at both of these scenarios and causes us to question our own human nature and our own classification of â€Å"the other†. We are positioned to feel guilt as we feel partly responsible for these racial stereotypes as we too, through our human nature, instinctively stick to our own. Human nature is complex, values at polar opposites could exsist in the same man, particular beliefs could be compromised and in reality no one can ever truly understand the extent of complexities embedded within each person. * Racsim and nobility can exsist in the same man. Haggis has successfully portrayed this idea of human nature through the narrative conventions of camera shot and dialogue. * In one scene a cop pulls over a black couple, he abuses his power and shows extreme racism seen through the convention of low camera angle while he molests her. In another scene the same cop shows nobility while is seen rescuing the same black woman he molested, he ironically says things to her such as â€Å"im not going to hurt you† * The camera angle in the first scene is a panning low angle displaying the police officers hand stroking up the womans leg, emphasizing his sickening racist actions. In the second scene the camera angle is a close camera angle focusing on his remorseful worrying facial expression. The shot of the hand in the first scene could represent â€Å"a mans hand† where the shot of his face in the second scene presents him, and therefore suggests that although his racism and dark side of his human nature exsists the good side of his human nature is a representation of his true identity and we begin to question the reasons behind his actions. * These two scenes In the movie crash display to us that humans are extremely complex. A man can live a life full of sin but then commit a noble act just as a man can be a criminal but then save a life. * The concept of human complexities is hard to grasp, an individuals identity can determine why they act a certain way or do certain things. The cop in the film displayed racism due to the fact that a black woman would not help his sick father, but does this excuse particular values and behaviours? * Through the convention of camera angle Haggis has effectively positioned the viewer to feel both disgust and awe at the same man. We begin to question what drives humans to be so complex and we wonder whether it is ever possible for a man to be seen as completely innocent. * Instinctively human natures drives us to protect and stick to our own, just as we repel those who are seen as different. * This universal value embedded inside each and every human is represented by Paul Haggis in the film crash through utlising the narrative convention of symbolism. * Crash follows the story of a Hispanic locksmith and unconditional love of his

Can Technology Make Us More Human? Essay

INTRODUCTION Humanity is the human race, which includes everyone on Earth. It’s also a word for the qualities that make us human, such as the ability to love and have compassion, be creative, and not be a robot or alien. While in the other hand, technology is a word with Greek origins defined as the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area. Besides, technology is a word used to collectively describe or portray the advancements, abilities, creations undertakings, views, and knowledge of a singular group of persons which is us, the humankind. When we speak about relationships between technology and humanity, it is evident that we have to deal with the interrelations between some very complex phenomena of technology, science society or systems of society and systems of rights of a universal nature. The discovery and development of a large number of powerful energy source-coal, petroleum and electricity have enabled humanity to conquer the barriers of nature. All of t his has facilities growth of fast modes of transport, which in turn has transformed the world into a global village. It has shaped our civilization from scrap. Every invention escalated human hunger to know more. Every time it has pushed human potential to a new level. Back in The Stone Age, when humans were still in a jungle, an invention like sharp stone helped them to hunt better and fire helped them to taste food better. Wheels helped them to explore new boundaries, and domestication of animals made life more secure. An invention of currency eased the transaction and barter system was let go. The colonial era began as the invention of advanced weaponry and transportation such as ships which changed the phase of history. More advanced inventions came like the birth of steam engines, the invention of corporations, and mass transportation gained momentum. Then, along came diesel engines, which personalized machine transportation even more. And the Wright brothers forever changed the way of travel by air transportation, like inventing aircraft. As for communication, transistors was the well-known invention, which changed the way we compute, including land phones which also a big part of the communication changes. Personal computers and workstations which reduced paper consumption in offices and mobile phones which permanently changed the world of communication. Then, the best invention of all is the Internet. It localized the whole world as it changed the way we look at the world. And created tons of entrepreneurs and innovators some of the best creation such as e-commerce, which changed the way we access our daily needs, social media which changed the way we communicate with other people, e-banking, which you don’t have to travel all the way, and stand in line just to transfer any amount you want. The e-wallets, which we do not have to stand in line to pay our electricity bills and phone bills. You also have the access to quality education from across the globe. While walking this path we have screwed up the following such as overpopulating the earth. The invention of medicine eradicated the deadly diseases thus reducing death rates. Within a century, we have increased 5 fold of population. We messed up the natural resources and permanently killing almost 30% of species of the Earth and 20% more are critically endangered species which may soon get extinct. Though we take a lot of pride in our invention and development, what we forgot is we share this planet with other species and if we don’t realize it soon, well the planet itself has its own way of controlling things.

The History and Geography of Iceland

The History and Geography of Iceland Population: 306,694 (July 2009 estimate)Capital: ReykjavikArea: 39,768 square miles (103,000 sq km)Coastline: 3,088 miles (4,970 km)Highest Point: Hvannadalshnukur at 6,922 feet (2,110 m)Iceland officially called the Republic of Iceland, is an island nation located in the North Atlantic Ocean, just south of the Arctic Circle. A large part of Iceland is covered with glaciers and snowfields and most of the countrys inhabitants live in the coastal areas because they are the most fertile regions on the island. They also have a milder climate than other areas. Iceland is highly active volcanically and has recently been in the news due to a volcanic eruption under a glacier in April 2010. The ash from the eruption caused disruptions all over the world. History of Iceland Iceland was first inhabited in the late 9th and 10th centuries. The main peoples to move to the island were the Norse and in 930 C.E., the governing body on Iceland created a constitution and an assembly. The assembly was called the Althingi.Following the creation of its constitution, Iceland was independent until 1262. In that year it signed a treaty which created a union between it and Norway. When Norway and Denmark created a union in the 14th century, Iceland became a part of Denmark.In 1874, Denmark gave Iceland some limited independent ruling powers, and in 1904 after a constitutional revision in 1903, this independence was expanded. In 1918, the Act of Union was signed with Denmark which officially made Iceland an autonomous nation that was united with Denmark under the same king.Germany then occupied Denmark during World War II and in 1940, communications between Iceland and Denmark ended and Iceland attempted to independently control all of its land. In May of 1940 though, B ritish forces entered Iceland and in 1941, the United States entered the island and took over defensive powers. Shortly thereafter a vote took place and Iceland became an independent republic on June 17, 1944.In 1946, Iceland and the U.S. decided to end U.S. responsibility for maintaining Icelands defense but the U.S. kept some military bases on the island. In 1949, Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and with the start of the Korean War in 1950, the U.S. again became responsible for defending Iceland militarily. Today, the U.S. is still Icelands main defensive partner but there are no military personnel stationed on the island and according to the U.S. Department of State, Iceland is the only member of NATO with no standing military. Government of Iceland Today Iceland is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliament called the Althingi. Iceland also has an executive branch with a chief of state and head of government. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court called Haestirettur, which has justices who are appointed for life, and eight district courts for each of the countrys eight administrative divisions. Economics and Land Use in Iceland Iceland features a strong social-market economy typical of Scandinavian countries. This means its economy is both capitalistic with free-market principles but it also has a large welfare system for its citizens. Icelands main industries are fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production, geothermal power, and hydropower. Tourism is also a growing industry in the country and the associated service-sector jobs are growing. In addition, despite its high latitude, Iceland has a relatively mild climate due to the Gulf Stream which allows its people to practice agriculture in the fertile coastal regions. The largest agricultural industries in Iceland are potatoes and green vegetables. Mutton, chicken, pork, beef, dairy products, and fishing also contribute considerably to the economy.   Geography and Climate of Iceland Iceland has a varied topography but it is one of the most volcanic regions in the world. Because of this, Iceland has a rugged landscape dotted with hot springs, sulfur beds, geysers, lava fields, canyons, and waterfalls. There are approximately 200 volcanoes in Iceland and most of them are active. Iceland is a volcanic island primarily because of its location on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which separates the North American and Eurasian Earth plates. This causes the island to be active geologically as the plates are constantly moving away from each other. In addition, Iceland lies on a hotspot (like Hawaii) called the Iceland Plume which formed the island millions of years ago. As a result in addition to earthquakes, Iceland is prone to volcanic eruptions and features the aforementioned geologic features such as hot springs and geysers. The interior portion of Iceland is mostly an elevated plateau with small areas of forest but little land suitable for agriculture. In the north, however, there are extensive grasslands which are used by grazing animals such as sheep and cattle. Most of Icelands agriculture is practiced along the coast.Icelands climate is temperate because of the Gulf Stream. Winters are usually mild and windy and summers are wet and cool. References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, April 1). CIA - The World Factbook - Iceland. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ic.htmlHelgason, Gudjonand Jill Lawless. (2010, April 14). Iceland Evacuates Hundreds as Volcano Erupts Again. Associated Press. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609120832/infoplease.com/ipa/A0107624.html?Infoplease. (n.d.). Iceland: History, Geography Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107624.htmlUnited States Department of State. (2009, November). Iceland (11/09). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3396.htm Wikipedia. (2010, April 15). Geology of Iceland - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland

How to Determine Which Marketing Tools Are Best For Your Team

How to Determine Which Marketing Tools Are Best For Your Team Picture this. Youre at your desk. Suddenly you realize theres got to be a better, faster way to accomplish your marketing goals, whether that be with a keyword, social media scheduling, project management, or email marketing tool. So you turn to the almighty Google And youre flooded by thousands of options, you cant seem to make sense of where to start. There are offers for trials everywhere, coupled with insane amounts of advice and you havent even figured out exactly what your team needs let alone looking at how much this tool is vs another *Insert panic screaming here* Breathe, you got this. And if you dont, well, this blog post will help get you through. Youll learn how to: Prioritize your teams needs. Learn the criteria you need to make the best decision when it comes to finding a marketing tool for your team. Learn how to pitch your winning tool to your boss. Learn how to pitch your winning tool to your team. Before You Start Your Research Dont just start Googling. Trust me. Diving right into the research phase of your marketing tool selection process can quickly become overwhelming. Just look at the first page of results when you type marketing tool into Google. Dont even get me started on the ads that will surface on your Google searches as well. Youve got advice coming at you left and right, and while that is great, it doesnt necessarily give you the jumping off point you need to start making decisions about a potential tool. There is a way to fix this. Before you start your research, sit down and prioritize what your team needs in order to be successful. Before you start researching marketing tools, sit down prioritize what your team needs to beIts really that simple. By knowing what your team needs to fix a broken process, or automate it so it goes faster, youre able to walk into your search knowing what youre looking for. So how do you create that list? Open a document or download Marketing Tool template. Once you've downloaded the template, click the second tab at the bottom: Here's what you'll see next: Begin to write down and prioritize what you think your team would need to be successful. And now you're staring at a blinking cursor wondering what to write. Here are some prompts that may help you begin your list: What does your team need to accomplish in order to be successful? What does your team want to accomplish that they think will make them successful? What's currently broken in your marketing process that you think a tool could help fix? What does your current process look like? What does your dream marketing process look like? How would you like to see your process flow in a new tool? Where are your team members divided into silos? What does this tool need to accomplish to break down those silos? From the answers you write down, you can identify what qualities you are looking for in a marketing tool. List Your Top 10 Must-Have Criteria These are features that absolutely must be a part of the tool that you select. They are you non-negotiables. Your top ten list could include things like. Drag and drop calendar features Social analytics tool Task lists Being able to assign tasks to team members Team reports Email integrations Project management features like being able to group by content type Being able to add in all of your social channels Landing page integrations WordPress or other blogging software integrations Automated task reminders Comment section on projects Being able to group multiple pieces of content under one campaign Minimum or maximum number of users Price per user/social channel I could keep going with this list but I don't want to bore you. Your list may look a bit different from the one above and that's okay. Every marketing team is different, which means the end goals you have may be different then the end goals the team at has. Now you have your must have criteria. You can start searching NOW right? Not quite. Sorry, I promise, we're almost there. List Your Top Ten "Would Be Nice To Have" Criteria Why? Because you're going to be researching a lot of tools. Those nice-to-haves could be the determining factor between one tool and another. Your initial list could look something like this. Automated optimum posting times Due dates that move automatically when you move a project Completion bar that shows the progress on a project Internal comment or chat system within the app Mobile app for on the go editing Approval process that let's a manager know if content has been reviewed or not Pre-made printable progress reports Social Media competitor analysis Google Analytics, bit.ly and other integrations The ability to separate different clients or projects by calendar Again, your specific list will depend on what type of tool you're looking for. Recommended Reading: How to Be More Successful With the Right Content Marketing Tools Start Your Initial Research Phase Yes, we finally got to the research phase. But I'm not unleashing you on to Google just yet. There's a good reason I promise. How you research is just as important as what you research. How you research your marketing tools is just as important as what you research them for.Pick One Researcher From Your Marketing Team Having only one researcher pays off for a number of different reasons: We have innate nature to compete with one another.  If you have 10 people researching 10 different tools, you suddenly have ten people championing their favorite tool. Not only is that a lot of noise, you have each person competing to say that they were the ones that picked the new marketing tool. You only need one expert.  The person that is conducting your research knows exactly what your team needs. They in essence, become an expert in all things marketing tools, making it easier to make an informed decision. You don't want to waste the team's already limited time.  You know you're team is busy. Taking away an hour of 10 people's time on your team is 10 hours that could have been spent elsewhere. Taking away even 3 hours of one person's time is a much more manageable task.Your team is already loaded to the max. Don't stress them out more then necessary. Research Your Top Ten Tools Okay, open up your browser. You can finally start searching for your marketing tool. You're going to have a lot of options and that's ok. That's why we made your checklist. As you go through the endless pages of tools, document them in your top ten in your spreadsheet that you downloaded earlier. Get that done? Ok, let's keep going. Add up the totals in your spreadsheet and narrow them down to your top three. Look for tools that: Meet your must-have criteria Meet your budget Meet most if not all of your must have's Why three you ask? Understand the Psychology of Three First, Second, and Third. Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Yours, mine and ours. Lots of things come in threes. Why? Because repeating a message three times helps stop the internal noise and distractions going on around you. Having three similar tools that meet your expectations will help solidify, in your mind, what tool you need. Choosing new marketing tools? Here's why you should narrow your choices down to three:Make Your Final Decision So you've narrowed in down to your top three tools. Check your point system again. Did one edge out over the others? If so, there is your winner. That was easy, wasn't it? Recommended Reading: How to Influence Marketing Change Management [Backed By Science] How To Pitch Your Favorite Tool You did all that work and you finally have the results of all your labor. This is the tool  that you believe will revolutionize the way your marketing team works. Now you just have to convince your boss to believe that too. What if I told you I outlined your entire presentation for you? You can download the whole thing right now. However, if you want to take the time to build your own presentation here's some things that you're going to want to cover. What To Cover In Your Presentation For Your Boss Depending on what your boss wants to see in your presentation, your list may vary. However, if it was me, this is what I would cover. What brought on the need for the tool? What did I hope the team would gain by investing in a tool? What qualifications would I be measuring this tool against? How many tools did I initially research? What did I narrow my decision down to? What qualities put this tool over the top? Price point Is there a demo or trail period that we could do to see if the tool works? You convinced your boss. They gave you the green light to move forward. Now the task lies on you convincing your team that they need this tool.

Reliability in Manufacturing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reliability in Manufacturing - Research Paper Example Problems experienced in hardware that results to alterations in the data path or storage content issues to problems or disruptions in the way the software works. Nonetheless, software does not wear out, crack, deform or age. Additionally, software does not have colour, shape, and it is intangible and invisible. Notably, a significant quality characteristic of a computer system is the extent to which it can be relied upon to carry out its envisioned role. The prediction, evaluation and the enhancement of this characteristic have been a worry to users and designers of computers. Software is fundamentally a tool for converting a distinct set of outputs. Once the software functions correctly, it does not imply that that software will always run correctly. In the past, there has been numerous tragedies and turmoil caused by software. Notably, software can make resolutions but they can be sometimes unreliable, just as human beings. For example, the British destroyer Sheffield was destroyed because the radar recognized an incoming missile as "friendly." The defense system mistakenly made a decision that caused much damage and harm. Additionally, the defense system was modified to the extent that it can detect and mistakenly identify the rising moon as a missile. Software also has minimal imperceptible errors that can result to a tragedy. For example, in February 1991, a chopping error during the Gulf War that missed 0.000000095 second in accuracy in every 10th second made the patriot missile unsuccessful in intercepting a speeding missile that killed 28 people. However, fixing the glitches in the software does not make the software dependable. Quite the reverse, novel problems may emerge. For example, in 1991, the local Californian telephone systems stopped after altering three lines of code in a signaling program. On the other hand, it is notable to acknowledge that perfectly running software may break if the environment is altered. It is

International Market Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Market Comparison - Assignment Example Uniliver allows for innovations from all over the world since they have a link for ensuring this in their site (Isobel, 2008). Annual accounting reports of the company is also available nestle, on the other hand, gives an annual report in three minutes. Thus, investor is able to analyse these and make decisions. Nestle gives information about investment opportunities in different regions, in their company. Uniliver provides company news. Nestle, on the other hand, gives press releases that inform investors of the continuing events in the company (Philip, 2008). Nestle gives pictures of the products that they deal in. On the other hand, unilever gives a list of their brands. Both of them achieve the intended purpose by this provision. Nestle provides for a sign in while Uniliver does not. Thus, nestle can control and collect data concerning the interested parties easily (frank, 2005). From the above-varied elements in the websites of both companies, it can be noted that the companies make efforts in globalising their products to the international markets. This has been enhanced by providing information to investors who may take charge in setting up new lines in their products (David, 2008). Information concerning their products is also available in the website in a varied way. This makes the customers aware of the information they may need concerning the products and

Managerial policy in HM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerial policy in HM - Essay Example Many people continue to refer to the discipline by its older, more traditional titles, such as, personnel management. The trend is changing. The new term nowadays used in industry circles is HRM. Its significance lies not so much in the observable practice of its functions but in the assumption that it permits practitioners to make. The assumption are that - (i) it is capable of contributing to, and drawing from, the highest levels of managerial policy; (ii) It is driven by both strategic and operation goals; (iii) It conceives of the organization as an environment in which managerial discretion is permitted freer ruin than in a more traditional employment relationship; (iv) employee attachment and engagement in the organization are seen and accepted as major managerial responsibilities which are not moderated by external bodies such as trade unions. What is more interesting is the fact that HRM activities are now expected to contribute to organizational effectiveness. Looking at the broader perspective of HRM policy within organization, HR practitioners and academicians are also of the opinion that by aligning HR policies and practices with business strategies, the field of HRM can become a greater strategic contributor to organizational performance and success (Mathis and Jackson). HRM, its concepts definition, study and application have d... Secondly, the unity and diversity of these models serve as initial inputs in drafting tailor made HRM model for organizations. Thirdly, these models offer answers to quite a few dilemmas that practitioner encounter in their mission to pursuer an organizationally dove tailed and business aligned human resource function. The focus of HRM is on keeping the optimal quantity and quality of people needed to achieve the objective of the organization. HRM first emerge as a concept in the mid-1980 when American researchers produced two models. One of the model is called Harvard model developed by Beer et al. (1984), who defined HRM as that which maximizes organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work. They emphasized a need for coherence in HRM policies and role of the line managers. But it is the Harvard Model that has exerted considerable influence over the theory and practice of HRM. Harvard Model of HRM: The type of HRM policies and practices an organization prefers should be dependent upon its organizational vision, mission, strategy, Goals and objective. In quite a few cases, such HR practices shall also be devised and adopted in time with external environment of organizations. In other words, HR policies and practices are subject to influence by internal and external environment of organizations. Harvard model of HRM propounded by Michael Beer, Richard Walton, Quinn mills, P. Lawrence and Bert Spector highlighted this influence of environment on HRM is their book titled Managing human Assets published in 1984. This model also known as soft model of HRM / Harvard Map of HRM / multiple stakeholders model, argues that human resource policies are to be influenced by two significant considerations: (1) Situational factors: The

Inclusivity in Education Aspects

Inclusivity in Education Aspects I will explain the political, economic, and social perspectives that surround inclusivity, reflect on my own professional practice and working environment, and identify the policies used, both nationally and locally. I will define my understanding of inclusivity, looking at the political ideology that surrounds inclusivity. Inclusivity is the understanding and providing for different capabilities, using diverse resources for students. Inclusivity is the understanding of students as individuals. It gives the opportunity for all students to become involved in classroom developments. All students should be given the chance to develop interests and experiences at their own pace and style of learning. No student should be discriminated against regarding colour, gender, sexual orientation, religion. For lecturers in todays society, it is extremely challenging to incorporate inclusivity with the students that have developed in the last 10 years of British culture. Students with learning difficulties such as ADHD, Aspergers, and Dyslexia were barely heard of until recent years. Each individual situation calls for totally unique handling of the student without excluding the remainder of the class. Research has identified that teachers may feel there could be barriers to inclusivity: Some of the thoughts are; Every student who attends college should be at a basic level of education before starting a course. The staff may not be prepared to meet the needs of the student The course and other students could be affected To balance some of these negative attitudes; All students have the potential to achieve Many students learn through interaction with others. Teachers make a difference (Idol, 1997) OFSTED published a report dispelling many of the negative thoughts that most of us had in the back of our mind. Ofsted say. An educationally inclusive school is one which the teaching and learning is one in which the teaching and learning, achievements attitudes and the well being of every young person matter. This shows not only in their performance, but also in the ethos and willingness to offer new opportunities to pupils who may have experienced pervious difficulties. This does not mean treating all pupils in the same way; rather, it involves taking account of pupils varied life experiences and needs (OFSTED) The start of Inclusion in Education dated back to the 1970 Education act which ended a practice to a minority of children being given the classification of unable to educate. It stopped classifying children with a learning disability unsuitable for school education. In the introduction of 1976 education act, the government looked at the local education authorities to amalgamate disabled students into so called ordinary schools in both England and Wales. This was never implemented! If it had been, disabled students were to be educated in ordinary schools unless it was impracticable due to excessive expenditure to the relevant educational body. 1978 saw the Warnock report on special education and at the time was the largest investigation into special education of disabled students being integrated into ordinary schools. He reported that the practice was good for some students but not for others. The report also stated that it was important for parents to have a view on their children and their educational process. In 1981 the education act, brought in disabled students to mainstream schools. This stated that other children would not be affected by the integration and resources available to them to assist. This act opened the doors to both disabled and young students from special schools sector to a mainstream school; the act was under much pressure from the professional bodies not to implement it, due to the overall effect on all the students. 1992 saw the audit commission and her majestys inspectorate look into a special needs provision for schools. One of the areas they found deficient was the way children with special needs were not being assessed very quickly and many statements were far too vague. In 1997, mainstream schools were becoming more inclusive with a new green paper on special education. 1998 brought in the human rights act stating no child shall be denied the right to education. The government pushed forward its plans to break down the barriers to help with learning and participation for 100% of students. The special education needs and disability act of 2001 came in and was used to repeal two previous provisos from 1996 regarding a disabled child going into mainstream school provided; it was compatible with the parents wishes and there was efficient education of other children. 2002 finally saw the Disability Discrimination act which gave access to education for both students and prospective students. The law also stated that you could not discriminate against a disabled person in admission arrangements. Local authorities also had to increase accessibility in terms of curriculum and the environment. Although this act was not solely for education it applied to everyone and was definitely a step in the right direction. All schools and colleges that have used these policies have seen an increase in levels of education rise from the early 1970s up to the present date. Before I could carry out my research relating to the organisation I am involved with, I needed to produce a PEST (Appendix 1) and SWOT (Appendix 2) analysis. Firstly looking into factors based around the industry looking into the political, economic, social and then technological issues which would affect us. Once this was complete I looked at the department in which I work, breaking the issues down into depth. Within the SWOT I looked at strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Within all of the topics funding policies, initiatives, weigh heavily, whether as a threat or Strength. With these acts in place my organisation have put together documentation in response from the governing bodies to help develop a clear understanding in the way we should help commit to inclusivity in education. The mission statement of my organisation is: City College is an inclusive, accessible college of further and higher education which provides high quality services to the range of diverse communities within the locality and the region which it serves. To this end, the college is committed to equality of regard and of opportunity for all, irrespective of age, disability, ethnic origin, gender, marital status, medical condition, religious belief, or sexual orientation. In its policies and practices the college will seek to enhance the self esteem of all those it serves and to provide a learning environment in which each individual is encouraged to fulfil her or his potential. The commitment to equality of regard and opportunity is a fundamental policy that pervades all college activities and is endorsed by the Governing Body. All members of the college community are expected to uphold the policy and to ensure that their actions embody the commitment. Some of the organisations policies for inclusion are: The commitment to equality of regard and opportunity is supported by the following: Code of Practice on Learning Difficulty and Disability (students) Code of Practice on Gender Discrimination (students) City college Race Equality Policy (staff/students) City college equality and diversity plan These codes are an integral part of the Equal Opportunities Policy. They ensure compliance with, respectively, the Special Education Needs and Disability Act 2001, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, and the Race Relations Act 1976. They also embody elements of good practice advocated in the Tomlinson Report 1996, Equality, and Diversity Guidance from the LSC and the codes of practice produced by the Commission for Racial Equality. Ofsted use a set of questions when examining Inclusion in schools and colleges. These are the questions on how a college should deal with the situation. Do all pupils get a fair deal at school? This relates to: what they get out of school, particularly their achievements; the opportunity to learn effectively, without interference and disruption; the respect and individual help they have from their teachers; their access to all aspects of the curriculum; the attention the school gives to their well-being and Whether they and their parents are happy with the school. How well does the school recognise and overcome barriers to learning? This is about: the schools understanding of how well different groups do in school; the steps taken to make sure that particular groups are not disadvantaged in school and to promote their participation and success; its strategies for promoting good relationships and managing behaviour; what the school does specifically to prevent and address racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination, and what it does about cases of discrimination that do occur. Do the schools values embrace inclusion and does its practice promote it? The clues are: how the values of the school are reflected in its curriculum, resources, communications, procedures and conduct; how people talk about and treat one another in the school; the leadership provided by senior staff and the consistency of staff behaviour; What the school intends and tries to do for people like me. Positive inclusion To enforce this statement, the college supports positive inclusion by enrolling any students, with the required qualifications, no matter what their learning capabilities are, however this will depend on whether it is practicable for the student and as long as it does not in any way effect the learning of the others in the class. In past years, discrimination may have taken place with students that showed signs of slower learning ability, therefore this is a positive development for inclusion in todays society. Entry to Employment, (E2E) groups are students with low entry requirements; however the potential is there, by assisting them with additional tuition, to raise their level of education, specifically in maths and English, to gain the relevant qualifications required for the future. To achieve this, the college offer a 22 week E2E course, alongside learning for a level 1 diploma in bricklaying, level 1 key skills in application of number and communication. Not all colleges offer E2E alongside this qualification. Negative Inclusion From the lecturers point of view this is a negative form of inclusion because the E2E qualification, is taught alongside the level 1 diploma and key skills, which is a method that other colleges do not employ due to overloading a group that originally in struggled at school when they were on the same footing as the rest of their class. At school the class would all have been working on the same subjects possibly at the same time. Here the group have come in and been told that they need to attend an extra afternoon to complete Entry to employment paperwork and adult literacy and numeracy classes. This would then be followed up with three days of Diploma work in theory and practical. Two other groups who have the entry qualifications only need to complete the diploma theory and practical content and complete key skills in the time scheduled. There are tools which can be used to help define a disability and help governing bodies and government find strategies in which to find the needs of disabled people. These are categorised as models of disability. The two which are commonly used for education are known as the Social Model and the Medical Model. When these models are correctly used, they will give a basic understanding of disability issues, such as services used and possibly ways of access to work. These models can see disabled people as dependant people in the community this may segregate them from others and force discrimination. This can lead to equality of human rights and the opposite of segregation which is integration. This does not mean one is better than the other but merely that each model can be used in different situations Firstly what passes for a disability? People who have impairment and may experience some form of exclusion as a result are disabled people. People may wear glasses or contact lenses. These may not be discriminated against where as people who are deaf and wear hearing aids sometimes are, and are discriminated against with barriers in communication. People who are included with a disability such as: Physical impairments Deaf people, Blind people People with AIDS and HIV (chronic Illness) Learning difficulties Mental health issues / behavioural problems People who also have hidden impairments such as; Mental stress Dyslexia Epilepsy Language impairments Disfigured people Diabetes http://attitudes2disability.wordpress.com/category/medical-model-vs-social-model/ Medical Model The medical model is used by the health organisation and was devised by doctors. The medical model focuses on the source of the problem on the patient (student) and presumes that the problems will be found with the student. With a more superior method you can go a step further and look into the students personal background and how it could affect their everyday lives. It is basically there to find a cure; it can occasionally fail as it says disabled people are not necessarily sick or cannot be improved by remedial treatment (connectings for community leadership, 2007) Social Model The social model was design for disabled people after the medical model. This particular model has had an impact on the anti discrimination legislation it also recognises that some people have different abilities ranging from sensory, physical ,or psychological variations . This was later extended to include all disabled people including those with learning difficulties and mental health problems. This model can focus on any changes needed in society. Physical structures such as elevators, or ramps would also focus under this model. Medical Model (Thinking) Socal Model (Thinking) The child is damaged Child is valued labelling Strenghts and needs defined by selfand others Diagnosis Identify barriers and developsolutions Impairment becomes focus of attention Outcome -based programme designed Assessment, monitoring,programmes of theropy imposed Resources are madee available to ordinary services Segregation and alternative services Training for parents and professionals Ordinary needs put on hold Relationship nurtured Re-entry if normal enough or permanent exclusion Diversity welcomed , child is included Society remains unchanged Society evolves My second area for topic was looking at Inclusivity of women in construction Inclusivity Fact file: Almost 200,000 women work in construction. Women have been working in construction since the Middle Ages Women account for around 1% of trades people and 11.6% of those working in design and management occupations (Jon Land, 2009) A report From the CIOB (chartered institute of building) back in 2001 indicated Women in the UK construction industry currently accounted for fewer than ten per cent of the UK construction workforce, this reflected their under-representation in an industry that fails to attract and retain women. The research was important because it raises the debate about the advancement in the subject of inclusivity, assessing the barriers faced by women and discussed means of redressing the balance to improve the inclusivity of the industry. Expanding inclusivity, which includes, attracting and hopefully keeping women in construction, is a key priority for the UK. The construction industry in countries facing skill and labour shortages could perhaps combat some of their problems by increasing the number of women in the workforce. This would be a resourceful and positive use for inclusion. In summary, the important issues were: Attracting more women to the industry by not only focusing on young entrants but also returnees to work following a career break, and those who seek a career change. Retention of women in the workforce Understanding the extent of women employed in the whole industry, what are they looking for from the industry? For a number of years women have been moving into professional work such as law, accountancy, and medicine, all of which require high-level qualifications and are considered attractive because of the perceived high level of class status. Today, numbers of women and men are almost equal in these sectors. However, occupational areas such as engineering and the construction trades have not seen a comparable change in the make-up of the workforce. Womens labour market participation has increased over recent years and their employment rates have risen, whereas mens participation in the labour market has declined slightly. Girls now perform better than boys in education and in getting qualifications (Hibbett, and Meager 2003)). With Women making up 50 per cent of the population, more than 46 per cent are currently in the labour market. More than half of the entrants in higher education in colleges are women. Yet in the construction Industry, the percentage of women involved is as little as 11%. This figure includes, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Site Organisers and Bricklayers. Construction needs variety in it for growth and development. Demand for construction had experienced growth over the past eight years, due to the expanding world population and the necessity for accommodation and a buoyant economy. However, the recent effects of the credit crunch have seriously put the industry, and many others, into a decline. The industry could not afford a skills shortage at such a time because when the economy rallies and improves, the need for skilled workforce will be of paramount importance. Construction and engineering learners are 90 per cent men, whilst hairdressing and beauty therapy are dominated by women who make up 91 per cent of learners. The exceptions are in higher education, which are dominated by male students in areas such as, computer science (80 per cent), engineering and technology (85 per cent). Female-dominated subjects include education, and beauty, although most of this research was based between 2001 -2004, surveys have been carried out as recently as 2009 by the CIOB and their conclusion was that :-(Sonia Gurjao, 2001) A number of factors have contributed to the industrys skill shortages. One of the most significant reasons is the lack of new recruits joining the industry. At the end of 2007, ConstructionSkills predicted that the industry would require 88,000 new recruits a year between 2009 and 2013; this figure has now been more than halved to 42,000 per year. There are a number of reasons for people not wanting to join the industry; many relate to the general perception of it being predominately a career for white males, with long hours and little pay. (CIOB, 2009) It is this perception that dissuades women and ethnic minorities from joining the industry. Research has shown that many women believe the industry is a competitive and threatening environment that rejects women and hinders their progression. This I feel is not the case, Bricklayers can take home as much as  £28,000 when fully qualified. A working day is usually between 8.00am and 5.30pm with most companies now finishing work on Fri day afternoons around 3.30pm. The hours are not dissimilar to a retail occupation .As for a career for white males, this will depend on the area of the country; in the midlands there is a larger ethnic representation. The trade has definitely built up a reputation as a dominantley male industry due to one of the main contributing factors being the percieved impression that men are lecherous to women . This is not necessarily the case, many women would not wish to enter the construction industry at trade level because of the level of bad language or the inuendos they assume most men would use. Assumptions (Appendix 3) can be very negative. Other industries however, such as factories, can be as biased and have contant use of bad language . With equality being a very relavant point, I have worked in a florists from time to time and found women to be more open with what they say about the opposite sex and graphic .I found this more off putting than working on any site. Although the industry has done more in recent years to attract women and ethnic minorities, this is still a great challenge; despite more females taking construction courses, retention rates are still comparatively low once women start working. (CIOB, 2009) In our organisation, over the last two years, we have taken on six females in Carpentry and Brickwork with a total of 120 students overall .This works out to a total of 5% of female students in our department. Of the 5%, one has just enrolled, one has completed the course, two are carrying on to the second year and the other two dropped out in the first year. The industry needs to become more inclusive if it hopes to reduce skill shortages, and accept the wealth of knowledge and experience that women and ethnic minorities can offer. (CIOB, 2009) In researching for ways to develop an understanding for why women are not in construction, I realised that women are mainly isolated in the construction workplace. Unlike men, who are usually in substantially larger groups or gangs, such as Carpentry or Bricklaying. Looking further afield, many women travel to the Middle East to take up jobs in Architecture and Project Management, which is a more sociable side to the industry . Although our government express an interest in bringing women into the construction industry little incentive seems to be brought in to help achieve it. Other countries however, are trying to change this, for example, in South Africa in 2006 six construction companies owned by women were given public works contracts as part of a government initative at giving women a start in the construction industry each contract was worth more than a million rand ( £75,300).. (times, 2006) Conclusion Hibbett, A. (W.E.U., DTI), Meager, .N, (IES) (2003) Key indicators of womens position in Britain: Findings from a recent comprehensive study of women in Britain commissioned by the Women and Equality Unit. National Statistics: Labour Market Trends 111(No. 10): 9

Long Distance Learning Essay -- Education Research Learn Essays

Long Distance Learning Distance education allows you to study at home or in your office, according to your own schedule, there are no classes to attend. Generally, each course comes with a manual that may be accompanied by videotapes, audiotapes, audio CDs, computer diskettes, CD-ROMs, etc., depending on the nature of the course. As well, many courses incorporate computer conferencing, e-mail, listservs, computer-based quizzes, and the Internet. Some courses are entirely on-line, using the World Wide Web as an innovative learning environment. Distance education provides a contemporary means through which the University may expand in aiding others in furthering their education. The Open Learning program is an open admission distance-only mode of study that provides access to degree-credit university courses for individuals who wish to study independently but are not interested in pursuing a degree at the University level at the present time. You may register in the Open Learning program, even if you are registered at another educational institution or program. The Open Learning program extends the academic resources of the University to those interested in personal enrichment, professional updating, or eventual application to a degree program. Open learning program students must complete the same assignments and examinations as those in degree programs and is evaluated using the same standards. Upon successful completion of a course, learners receive the same credit we...

Influence from Mexican and Puerto Ricans in the Us Culture Essay

The U. S. culture has been saturated with Mexican and Puerto Rican influences. Influence is defined as a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do. I believe most of the influences are good but there are also some that are bad. The two major influences that will be brought up would be the influence of human creativity and violence. Puerto Ricans had a unique blend of human creativity. â€Å"Fueled by that political awakening, a cultural renaissance emerged among Puerto Rican artists. † By the 1960’s salsa music began to emerge. Puerto Ricans rooted this category of music especially in the New York area. Fania Records became the dominant record label in the early salsa music scene. Juan Gonzalez mentioned artist such as Eddie and Charlie Palmieri, Willie Colon and Ray Barretto. They provoked with there politically charged lyrics. It also sprang up writers such as Piri Thomas and Nicholasa Mohr mentioned by Juan Gonzalez. Piri Thomas was born in the Spanish Harlem section of Manhattan and is known for his best seller autobiography â€Å"Down These Mean Streets†pg63 and describes his struggle having Puerto Rican heritage. Nicholasa Mohr her works also told of the difficulties of growing up in Puerto Rican communities in the New York area. As more Puerto Rican came to into the States a big clash of racial identity rose. Black and White was a struggle in itself then Brown came in to the mix it mad things twist. â€Å"A dwindling tax base, brought about by the flight of industry and skilled white workers to the suburbs, massive disinvestment by government in public schools and infrastructure, and the epidemics of drug and alcohol abuse, all tore at the quality of city life†Pg 64. Lack of investment in the infrastructure and public schools by the government was a major contributor to this especially since most did not know how to speak English and the teachers did not know how to translate to the students. â€Å"The third generation of Puerto Ricans, those who came of age in the late 1980s and early 1990s, found themselves crippled by inferior schools, a lack of jobs, and underfunded social services. They found their neighborhoods inundated with drugs and violence. They grew up devoid, for the most part, of self-image, national identity, or cultural awareness. They became the lost generation. †Pg63 Mexicans also had there share of influencial human creativity. Mexicans are known for developing corrido music. They were smart about this music though because they were used to inform. They had dates names warnings and some were stories of crime or love. † The average corrido was usually so filled with dates, names, and factual details that it functioned not only as entertainment but also as a news report, historical narrative, and commentary for the mass of Mexicans who were still illiterate†. pg124. To change up the creativity from the arts to a more meaningful influence would be the founding of MAYO and no not the one you eat but Mexican American Youth Organization. This was intended to protect the civil rights of Mexican Americans. â€Å"One of the most influential groups to arise during the period was the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO), founded in San Antonio by Willie Velazquez, a young community organizer for the Catholic Bishop’s Committee on the Spanish Speaking, and Crystal City’s Jose Angel Gutierrez. †pg 69. Mexicans have been picked on for decades and are still being hated upon. What was heavily impacted were schools and nothing was done about it. MAYO staged school walk outs to gain power. These acts would allow them to earn seats on school boards which in turn allowed them to participate in deciding what was best for their own people. In turn violence also was majorly influence. The US culture was raised to hate Mexicans. † Once the Great Depression hit and unemployment surged among whites, though, not even Mexicans who spoke fluent English escaped the anti-immigrant hysteria. More than 500,000 were forcibly deported during the 1930s, among them many who were U. S. citizens. † Speaking spanish a lot of times was a burden for mexicans which made them targets since most that all they spoke. To conclude Puerto Ricans and Mexicans have influenced the US culture. It still hasn’t stopped it continues to. More than likely it will still influence for many more years to come. They have been put down but they come right back up and stronger. They have given a lot to stop and to soak in many years of heritage. So go dance to some salsa or sing a corrido for a change.

Evolution of Human Speech Essay

It can not be disputed that speech is an important aspect in communication and above all it enables man to adapt to his environment by expressing his feelings, thoughts and sentiments. The power of the spoken word is also apparent in different authorities at it reflects what should be done and the ultimate success of the society. This illustrates why this art was adopted millions of years ago by the ancient man and has been used since then. However, the origin and development of speech is still unclear with various theories being put forward to address this issue. The most recent development in this field has been the proposal that this unique human characteristic developed from the gene FOXP2 in the KE family. However, this is yet to be affirmed as counter propositions have been raised, both by scientists, anthropologists and biologists. It is upon this background that this paper aims at analyzing the different phases of the evolution of human speech. Speech is a complex occurrence that is characterized by intonation and flow. However, Hewitt emphasizes that gestures are the most fundamental aspect of speech because of the fact that speech emanates from the movement of certain body organs in a systematic manner (342). From this, he further argues that the earliest human beings essentially used gestures in communication (342). This marked the earliest form and starts a journey to modern human speech. According to Crow, man definitely developed this sign language from the birds and the insect gestures (49). In this respect, he indicates that the birds usually take a material for nesting to the partner as a sign of proposal. In addition, the bees usually move their tails in a certain specific motion when they land on a flower that has nectar. From observing the characters of these and other animals like the dogs and the cats, man came up with a sign language to enable him communicate just like the other animals (Hewitt 342). As such different gestures were adopted by man to symbolize different things and ideas. For example, waving meant good bye, putting fingers on the lips meant keep quiet and shaking ones head meant disagreement. Hauser indicates that these gestures are still being used by the modern man and has the same implication (52). In addition, the gestures are universal and mean the same thing in diverse cultures. This has an implication that speech developed from a single source. Further, by watching the animals such as dogs and chimpanzees make some sounds when expressing different emotions, Maddeison points out that man also imitated them and came up with certain syllables that could convey the different emotions like for instance crying, laughing among others (56). Indeed, he affirms that the traditional man was able to grunt, cry and produce other emotional sounds with the help of his laryngeal glands. However, Hewitt argues that man developed speech because of his craftsmanship (342). To this end, he indicates that as man involved his hands in practical activities like Agriculture and crafts, he increasingly found it difficult to use his hands to communicate by gesturing while working at the same time. Furthermore, since his eyes also concentrated on the duties he was doing, it became difficult to see and acknowledge the gestures. According to Hewitt, this prompted him to derive other ways of expressing his ideas while working at the same time (342). Thus, Crow shows that he developed this using the lips and the tongue and that is when speech was born (57). Development of speech is thus related to the gestures that man once used. In this respect, it can be noted that children that are learning how to write often twist their tongues as their hands move. In addition, it can be observed that when a person is using a pair of scissors to cut anything, usually, the jaws of the person also move simultaneously. From this, Hewitt argues that it can be concluded that as it became more and more difficult to use hands in gesturing, man adopted the gestures using his jaw, lips and tongue (342). Hence, the development of speech is actually related to the activities that man engaged in. In other words, man adopted his speech from movement of his hands as he concentrated on different activities. With time, man got used to using the jaw, tongue and lips and his hands retired completely from gesturing. Afterwards another vital discovery was made that if air could be blown through the nose or mouth as the jaw, lips and the tongue moved systematically, these movements could become audible either as whispers or as sounds (Hauser p. 55). This reflected the sounds of grunting, snoring and crying made by man initially. As a result man was able to hear these sounds and hence communicate even when in the dark or when away from his peers, something he could not do earlier on. However, it was soon realized that not all movements of the jaws, lips and tongue were successful in producing these audible and coherent sounds. Hence, according to Hewitt, man decided to limit the mouth movement to up and down and not sideways (343). This was very effective in producing the coherent and audible sounds and man was then able to communicate effectively. Afterwards, man realized that the repetition of these sounds could make words and many words could make a speech. He made this idea practical while relatively using the words and finally, he was able to communicate clearly. In addition, Hauser argues that the development of these words was contributed to by the activities that man engaged in (57). For example, he explains that the word â€Å"sip† originates from the act is sipping. According to him, when man sips any liquid, and air is blown in to the mouth, the sounds of sip sap are produced. This explains how the word sipping came in to existence. It should be noted that these words are acknowledged ad appreciated universally and including in English. In the development of speech, Crow points out that man started with simple words and consonants before developing more complex words (62). To this effect, he indicates that the baboon can say certain simple words like man, is, eat amongst others although it can not use the words successively to make a sentence. Likewise, Crow contents that the development of speech took the same pattern (62). According to him, man started with simple words like go, eat, is amongst others before he came up with more complex words. However, unlike the baboon, man was able to repeat these sounds because he has two interlinked tubes in the vocal track while the baboon and the chimpanzee have only one (Crow p. 63). This explains while these animals, besides being hominids can not use speech. Words differ considerably because of the different environment and other scenarios that are unique to different areas. These include the climatic conditions, culture and other natural episodes and scenarios that characterize different areas. Despite this, Hewitt asserts that speech originated from the very first attempt by man to use lips, the tongue and jaws (343). This development is perceived to have occurred almost 400,000 years ago when is thought to have developed the essential organs to aid in the same. Specifically, the hypoglossal canal is perceived to be instrumental in attaining this condition and the right size for this is thought to have developed at this time. In addition, the gland is effective in transferring the relevant signals to the brain which then develops the ideas to be passed on. Despite the development of these vital organs, it is not clear whether speech developed concurrently or later on as other studies point out that speech developed only 100000 years ago (Maddeison, p. 62). To this effect, he argues that other vital features in speech development like the long neck developed almost 100000 years ago and therefore, speech developed then. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be ascertained that the development of speech in man is a phenomenon that started millions of years ago. This started by man imitating the gestures made by birds, insects and animals. Then, he started emulating the sounds made by the same and gradually developed his own sound system. It is also worth noting that the advent of craftsmanship contributed a great deal to the development of speech. In fact, it can be argued that this was the major factor that made man develop his speech. Works Cited Davidson, Hauser. Development of Speech in the Hominids; Cambridge: University Press, 1997. Foged, Maddeison. The Diversity in Linguistics; UK: Oxford, 1996. McLarnon, Hewitt. â€Å"Anthropology: The Origin and Development of Human Speech† American journal of Linguistic Inquiry, 109 (3) 1999: 341-343 Ploog, Crow,J. The Modern Man and Development of Speech; UK: Ox