Sunday, January 26, 2020
Parent Child Relationship in aetiology of Narcissism
Parent Child Relationship in aetiology of Narcissism Although Freud (1900) did not use the term narcissism to represent an important observation he noted in his investigation of dreams he reports the following as a likely basis for the personality traits of these individuals: I have found that people who know that they are preferred or are favored by their mother give evidence in their lives of a peculiar self reliance and an unshakeable optimism which often seem like heroic attributes and bring actual success to their possessors. (p, 398) Millon (1969/1981, 1987); and Sperry (2003) hold that narcissism is not a response to parental devaluation but rather a consequence of parental over-valuation. The child is treated as a special person with a lot of attention, and led by parents believe that he/she is lovable and perfect. Such an unrealistic over-valuation will lead to self-illusions that cannot be sustained in the outer world. Kernberg (1975) describes this psychodynamic approach as object-relations approach to the understanding of the causes of narcissistic personality disorders. In support of this approach, researcher has found that abused children, children of divorced mother father or children whose mother / father died or who have been given up for adoption are at greater risk for the development of narcissistic personality disorders. He further explains the pathological mother-child relationship as the base of narcissism. A cold and un-empathetic mother leads the child to feel himself unloved. The child, in turn, projects his rage onto parents while defensively investing in some aspect of the self that his parents value. The grandiose self reflects a fusion of the parently valued of the child with a fantasized loving mother. According to Kernberg, the negative aspects of self are split off from the main self. In short narcissistic self is pathological. One aspect of narcissism is intensely ambitious, self-aborbed and overly dependent on acclaim. Another aspect of the narcissist is characterized by a lack of empathy, emptiness and uncertainty about identity. In other words, Kernberg (1975) characterizes narcissistics as possessing an unusual degree of self-reference in their interactions (p.655), as well as a great need to be admired a shallow emotional life and an exploitative and some time parasitic relationship with others. Kohut (1977, 1984) came to view narcissism as underlying a distinct and separate line of psychological development. At one and of the dimension, there are in fantasies about the self and others, which tend to reflect grandiose and idealized fantasies of the omnipotence of the self or the other as fantasists of extreme helplessness and powerlessness. At the other end, developmentally advanced and psychologically healthier narcissism prevails, allowing for interdependent attachment to others, stable self-esteem and confidence and investment in relationships, work and personal convictions, According to Kohut, individuals exist to within the psychological context of a self-object matrix, the intrapsychic representation of the self-sustaining functions of the environment. Importantly, his approach is developmental. The evolution and the development of the personality is determined in large part by the nature of the surrounding environment. Million (1969, 1981) holds that the narcissistic personality is found in excessive unconditional parental valuation of the child. This could account for the unjustified sense of self worth, disdain for rules of social conduct and expansive sense of self-importance. Similarly, parental overindulgence and failure to set limits could account for the lack of a sense of respect for others and the absence of self control. After a long gap, Million (1990) and Million and Everly (1985) repeated his unchanged conviction that narcissism is the product of home environment. Within Millions social learning frame world a lack of parental enforcement of discipline, does, indeed seem to be a plausible factor in promoting narcissistic symptoms which include self-grandiosity, fantasies of personal perfection of sense of specialness ness and entitlement, demand for excessive admiration, envy, interpersonal exploitativeness, a lack of empathy and arrogance (APA, 1994). Miller (1984) holds that an abusive and essentially authoritarian style of parenting fosters narcissism. Lerner (1986) holds that narcissistic personality is the product of family environment that fasters lowered self-esteem, disintegration anxiety and feelings of depletion (p.335)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. feelings of deadness and nonexistence and a self-perception of emptiness weakness and hopelessness. (p.336) Siomopoulos (1988) follows the proposition that disorder may arise when cold and rejecting parents interact with their children with the result that children feel rejected and unworthy in the world. Since all children are not alike, individual differences among them lead some of them live their lives defending against the reality by believing that they are desirable. As such, they turn to others for admiration. Those who place emphasis on early emotional life experience further propose that early negative parental perception spoils the healthy relationship if there is any promotes grandiose self-image in children which helps them maintain illusions of self-sufficiency and freedom from dependence. Wolf (1988) holds anxiety and depression foster complaints of narcissistic patients. Beck and Freeman (1990) are of the opinion that narcissism is the product of parental overindulgence and overvaluation by significant others during childhood. Shengold (1991) believes that parents of narcissistic patients had failed to be forceful and firm and they were unable to refuse their childrens demand and to impose any kind of discipline. Curtis and Cowell (1993) believe that narcissism is the result of childrens feelings that parents often take them special, talented and above the average. Vaillant (1994) hold interactions with cold and rejecting parents produces a feeling of self unworthiness in children with the result that children defend themselves by projecting that they are good and wanted, they look at others with the expectations that they will get praise for the worth and value they have. Siomopoulos (1988) followed the proposition that disorder may arise when cold and rejecting parents interact with their children, with the result that children feel rejected and unworthy in the world. Since all children are not alike, individual differences among them lead some of them to live their lives defending against the reality by believing that they are desirable. As such, they turn to others for admiration. Those who place emphasis on early emotional life experience further propose that early negative parental perception spoils the healthy relationship if there is any promotes grandiose self-image in children which helps them maintain illusions of self sufficiency and freedom from dependence. If we put all these theories together and squeezed them fully well we will find faulty parenting at the base of narcissism. As such, a little devotion to the understanding of parenting seems to be relevant here. Parenting: Almost in all Western countries many children spend a great deal of time in a child-care centers away from the home, parents are still the main caregivers for the vast majority of the worlds children. And parents have always wondered what is the best way to rear their children. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Children are to be seen and not heard. There was a time when parents took those adages seriously. But our attitudes toward children and parenting techniqueshave changed. Parenting Styles: To become good parents, it is important for parents to be sensitive to the childrens individuality (Samson Kothbart, 1995), characteristic way of responding. Baumrind (1971, 1991) believes that parents interact with their children in one of the four basic ways. She classifies parenting styles as authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and indulgent. Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parents directions and to respect work and effort. The authoritarian parent firmly limits and controls the child with little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with childrens social incompetence. In a difference of opinion about how to be something, for example, the authoritarian parent might say, You do it my way or elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.There will be no discussion! Children of authoritarian parents are often anxious about social comparison, fail to initiate activity, and have poor communication skills Authoritative parenting encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their behavior. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed and parents are warm and nuturant toward the child. Authoritative parenting is authoritative parent might put his arm around the child in a comforting way and say, You know you should not have done that; lets talk about how you can handle the situation better next time. Children whose parents are authoritative tend to be socially competent, self-reliant, and socially responsible. Neglectful parenting is a style is which parents are uninvolved in their childs life. This style is associated with the childs social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. This type of parent cannot give an affirmative answer to the question, Its 10 P.M. Do you know where your child is? Children have a strong need for their parents to care about them. Children whose parents are neglectful might develop a sense that other aspects of the parents lives are more important than they are. Children whose parents are neglectful tend to show poor self-control and do not handle independence well. Indulgent parenting is a style in which parents are involved with their children but place few demands on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with childrens social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. Such parents let their children do what they want, and the result is the children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to be get their way. Some parents deliberately rear their children in this way because they believe the combinations of warm involvement with few restraints will duce pro a creative, confident child. One boy whose parents deliberately reared him in an indulgent manner moved his parents out of their bedroom suite and took it over for himself. He is almost 18 years old and still has not learned to control his behavior; when he cant get something he wants, he throws temper tantrums with the result he is not very popular with his peers. Children whose parents are indulgent never learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior. The Mothers and Fathers Roles _ What do you think of when you hear the world motherhood? If you are like most people, you associate motherhood with a number of positive imaged, such as warmth, selflessness, dutifulness and tolerance (Matline, 1993). And while most women expect that motherhood will be happy a fulfilling, the reality is that motherhood has been accorded relatively low prestige in our society (Hoffnung, 1984). When stacked up against money, power, and achievement, motherhood unfortunately doesnt fare too well, and mother rarely receive the appreciation they warrant. When children dont succeed or they develop problems our society has had a tendency to attribute the lack of success or the development of problems to a single source mother. One of psychologys most important lessons is that behavior is multi determined. So it is with childrens developmentwhen development goes awry, mother are not the single cause of the problems, even though our society stereotypes them in this way. A special concern of many contemporary mothers is whether working full-time in a career will harm their childrens development. There is no evidence that this is the case (Parke Buriel, 1998). Nonetheless, when working-mothers place their children in child care (nonmaternal care), they worry about whether it will harm their children. This is a legitimate concern. Childrens socio-emotional development can significantly benefit from interaction with a caring, accessible and dependable father who fosters a sense of trust and confidence (Lamb, 1998; Snarey, 1998). The fathers childrens social competence, because he is often the only male the child encounters on a regular day-to-day basis. Father-mother cooperation and mutual respect help the child develop positive attitude toward both parents and him / her self also (Biller, 1993). It is much easier for working-parents to cope with changing family circumstances and day-care issues when father and mother equitable share child-rearing responsibilities. Mothers feel less stress and have more positive attitudes toward their husbands when they are supportive-partners.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Child Obesity Problem Essay
Abstract.             Child obesity has been a serious issue in America. Approximately a 1/3 of children populations are overweight or risk becoming overweight. Children are eating unhealthy foods with minimal nutritional value and the physical education programs are being cut of the school day. Since these are the major causes of obesity they spell doom for America. The Bill no S. 100 also known as Healthy Students Act of 2007 was introduced by Barbara Boxer the California Senator who is also an advocate of children and families. (www.govtrack.us). It advocates for the health of children in schools by promoting better nutrition and increased physical activities. American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the American Heart Association (AHA) support it. Major causes of obesity are lack of physical exercise combined with poor diet. A balance must be struck so that calorie intake does not outdo calorie utilization. Children need to burn up calories through physical activities. They should not over rely on inactive leisure activities like watching television, surfing the net and playing video games Childhood obesity is associated to various health effects like hypertension, diabetes and respiratory diseases illnesses for instance diabetes and high blood pressure. It is therefore an important national bill that will help save the children of America. However, its implementation could be delayed due to the legislative process that could take time. Again the taxpayers who are expected to fund it might oppose it. The Healthy Students Act of 2007 Bill no S. 100 is a bill that encourages the healthy of children in schools by promoting better nutrition and increased physical activities. It is a national bill that was sponsored by Barbara boxer of CA on January 4th 2007. (www.govtrack.us)            The bill requires the establishment of a pilot program providing grants to school districts or non-profit organizations for use in promoting healthy food alternatives under the school lunch and school breakfast programs. It amends the Public Health Service Act to establish a student loan forgiveness program for nurses who agree to employment as full-time nurses in elementary or secondary schools for 3 complete years. It also amends the Internal Revenue Code to allow corporations a tax deduction for the charitable contribution to a private foundation of exercise or gymnasium equipment for use by elementary and secondary school students.            The proposed policy is a federal legislation to be enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives. The legislation is very realistic and can therefore be successfully implemented. The federal government is expected to sponsor it. Currently it has been referred to the committee of finance and is in the process of deliberation. The proposal affects all people as it focuses on schools, which are heterogeneous in terms of gender, color or race. Members of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the American Heart Association (AHA) who supported the Healthy School Act in New York State support the policy. The American Diabetes Association is the nation’s leading 501(c) 3 non-profit health organization that provides diabetes research, information and advocacy. The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency whose mission is to build healthier lives free from cardiovascular diseases and stroke. (www.americaheart.org) Barbara Boxer who introduced it supports it. She is the current senator of the state of California. She has been an advocate of children and family and it would suffice to say that she represents Californian as well as the children. The AHA and ADA represent the promotion of healthier lifestyles for children. They are concerned about the increased health risks associated with changing lifestyles for Americans and are focused to promote the good health of children.            To support their positions the three parties have their arguments. Senator Boxer proposed the bill because children are eating unhealthy foods with minimal nutritional value and the physical education programs are being cut of the school day. AHA is concerned with promoting healthy lifestyles and lowering cholesterol levels through diet and physical exercise as well as preventing children from having cholesterol related health problems when they grow into adulthood. Americans should not be surprised by this policy. First, obesity in children is an issue that has attracted their concern and the dietary guidelines provided have been amended from section 9(a) of Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C 1758 a))            This proposal is likely to be opposed by the local taxpayers. To fund proposal taxes may be imposed on them reducing their disposable incomes. Being forced to pay higher taxes may see them oppose the bill. Costs would be incurred as the programs to grow own food in schools and hiring of more physical education teachers would be incorporated. Another challenge that the bill faces is the legislative process, which may delay. The committees may reject them for instance the senate finance may hinder its proceeding from one position to the next.            Obesity among children has been increasing at alarming rates. People have adapted sedentary lifestyles and are not keen on the nutritional requirements of food. Convenience plays an important role in determining the food that one consumes. Approximately a 1/3 of children populations are overweight or risk becoming overweight. Childhood obesity is associated to various health effects like hypertension, diabetes and respiratory diseases. The major cause of obesity is lack of physical exercise combined with poor diet. (www.mayoclinic.com). A balance must be struck so that calorie intake does not outdo calorie utilization. Although obesity in children affects people of all races, gender or color it has been observed that Africa American and Mexican American children are more likely to be overweight compared to non-Hispanic whites. It therefore suffices to say that people of color or the minority groups are more affected by obesity. Children of poor families are also more likely to be obese.            Regular consumption of pre-packaged food, fast food, soft drinks can cause obesity as they have quantities of calories and sugars. Consumption of vegetables and legumes is beneficial as they can help check on weight and cardiovascular diseases. Children are a critical population that needs more nutrients than human beings for their growth and development. Improving on the diet and exercising levels can help protect children’s health both at the current levels and in future. (Www.mayoclinic.com).            Physical exercises help burn out excess calories in the body. This helps reduce chances of acquiring illnesses for instance diabetes and high blood pressure. They also contribute to healthy bones and muscles. Children need to burn up calories through physical activities. (www.kidshealth.org). They should not over rely on inactive leisure activities like watching television, surfing the net and playing video games. Families must play an important role in ensuring that their children stay healthy. Parents have a major role to play in influencing their children’s health. Parents are responsible for shopping and cooking in their homes and they determine the lifestyles to be adapted.            They also set examples of the eating patterns as well as exercising patterns that to be adopted by their children. Parents should engage their children parents should engage their children in physical activities like swimming and jogging while at the same time ensuring that they provide healthy diets. Incorporating fruits and vegetables in their diets will be beneficial. Parents can also ensure that their children take food that is enough or that they eat with moderation.            The Mayo Clinic website section on childhood explains the signs, causes and problems that are associated with childhood obesity. It also provides ways by which families can control and prevent obesity in children. (www.mayoclinic.com). Another important website that addresses the costs and consequences that obese children face as well as their potential future with obesity and the weight related health care issue is the Junk Food Science. The Kids Health website provides important in-depth information to parents on how they should maintain their children’s health. It addresses the issues related to childhood obesity and its effects. Obesity in America organization website addresses the obesity issues. It focuses more on medical reasons for obesity.            Obesity in children increases their healthcare expenditure compared to non-obese children. Obese children are more likely to have laboratory-screening tests as medical staff belief that they are at greater risks. Their blood pressure levels or lab values for cholesterol are higher than for normal healthy children translating to the increased costs. They are screened for blood pressure, sleep apnea and orthopedic abnormalities. (Junkfoodscience.blogspot.com).            Advocacy groups that can be useful in combating obesity in the US include the Endocrine society and The Hormone foundation. The Endocrine society is the world’s largest and most active professional organization of endocrinologists in the world and it is dedicated to promoting excellence in research, education and clinical advancements in the endocrinology field. The hormone foundation is an affiliate of the endocrine society and its very important in disseminating information. It has established programs on childhood or pediatric obesity. It works hand in hand with the Congress and Federal agencies that impact policies dealing with obesity. (www.obesityinamerica.org).            Parents should be create time to prepare nutritious foods for their children. They should not opt for the quick fix that can harm their children’s health. Obese children can have problems with their self esteem as they can be teased or bullied by their classmates. Obesity in children causes psychological problems to them.            Overweight children can have bone and joint problems. They increase their chances of developing asthma and they can experience shortness of breath making physical activities more difficult. They have restless or disordered sleep patterns that can affect their development. Tendency to mature earlier is also reported in overweight children and overweight girls tend to have irregular menstrual cycles and fertility problems in their later days. A stitch in time saves nine and adverse overweight effects can be counted if appropriate measures are taken.            Schools have contributed to the increased numbers of obese and overweight children in America. Lesser time is allocated to physical education programs and some schools have cut it altogether. Sedentary lifestyles in children have consequently aggravated. Although genetics may contribute to obesity in children, the impact may be reduced if physical exercises and strict dietary measures are followed. It could be difficult to establish if an obese child born of obese parents is obese due to the genetic factor or due to the family lifestyles. (Www.kidshealth.org).            Parents should set good examples by adhering to appropriate diets as well as participating in exercises. They should not reward good behavior with sweets as they have high sugar levels. Educating the children about the importance of healthy diets is necessary. Children could rebel if ultimate elimination of sweets, snacks or candies is done. They could find ways to access such foods in absence of their parents. Again imposing a specific physical activity on them should be avoided and a variety should be included.            The media plays an important role in favoring ‘unhealthy food’. children who see people favoring foods in fast foods or in cartoon shows have the mentality that such food is appropriate. They urge their parent’s to offer them such foods.            Children should eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains. They also ought to get 30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercises each day depending on their age. (www.kidshealth.org). Grains provide energy needs for the child and includes whole meal bread, cereals and pasta. They give children energy to play and carry out important activities. Vegetables provide minerals and vitamins needed for good health. They also provide fiber that is important in aiding digestion. Milk is important as it provides vitamin A, D, calcium and proteins. Fats should be used sparingly on children. (Www.kidshealth.org)            Although the bill might never make it out of the committee or could be revised and incorporated in an already existing bill, I think this is a very applicable policy that can help save American children the consequences of obesity. Disseminating proper information to people through the media can work to curb child obesity. People should also take their own initiative to fight child obesity. References: Mayo Clinic staff. 2007. Childhood obesity. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/childhood-obesity/DS00698 Sandy Szwarc. 2007. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from  http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2007/01/fat-children-burdens.html Endocrine Society and The Hormone Foundation. 2008.Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http://www.obesityinamerica.org/aboutus.html The Nemours Foundation. 2008. Kids Health. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/ GovTrack.US. 2008. S. 100: Healthy Students Act of 2007. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-100
Friday, January 10, 2020
Heres What I Know About Common App Essay Topics 2015
Here's What I Know About Common App Essay Topics 2015 The New Angle On Common App Essay Topics 2015 Just Released Attempt to conclude with an illustration of the way the failure improved the manner in which you deal with similar situations now. You should definitely use contractions, which enhance the stream of your essay. Within this essay, select a time which you were able to follow experiences and perspectives contrary to yours with respect and maturity. The 2nd prompt, managing the use of failure in our lives, was complemented with an extra hint, indicating that experiencing failure at the same stage of life can frequently be fundamental for later success. The Unexposed Secret of Common App Essay Topics 2015 This essay topic is an excellent chance for humor. The topic of your essay doesn't need to be completely novel. Don't have another person write your essay, nor wait to compose your essay. No matter which essay prompt you address, it's important to give yourself ti me to consider the info you're conveying and what it reveals about you. Colleges can tell whenever your essay is merely a form essay. Stephen's essay is quite effective. Richard's essay wouldn't be appropriate in all situations. Some of our all-time beloved admissions essays are also a number of the shortest we have seen. Common App Essay Topics 2015 at a Glance Alternately, you could explore your favourite book or a person that you admire, or you might get inspiration from supplemental essay topics asked by other schools. You don't need to have had that kind of experience to compose a good college essay. In virtually every instance, a great college essay includes both. You're writing a college application essay, and you must know about your audience. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. Find out in the event the schools to which you're applying also ask that you compose supplemental essays. Identifying all the essays you need to write as part of your college application procedure will make it a lot easier that you discover what you ought to be sharing with admissions officers and where you need to be sharing it. So my advice to anybody who is applying to colleges that are members of the Common Application is is to incorporate a personal essay, whether it's a requirement of the particular colleges to which you're applying for not. Ruthless Common App Essay Topics 2015 Strategies Exploited In virtually all circumstances, you ought to avoid writing a conventional opening paragraph. Your essay will change so much in the interim between your very first draft and last revision. Never put off tomorrow what you could do today. Now look at the subsequent opening paragraphs. The Pain of Common App Essay Topics 201 5 If it comes to college admissions, you wish to win big. An admissions officer is considerably more likely to try to remember an applicant who has a rather specific essay written in a distinctive and quirky way. Furthermore, the college can already observe the list of camps and awards in another portion of the application. You may trust us to help you locate the very best college for your demands. Wellesley College When selecting a college community, you're picking a location where you feel you could live, learn, and flourish. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is a superb fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. New Ideas Into Common App Essay Topics 2015 Never Before Revealed 1 approach to begin coming up with interesting suggestions for your Common App essay is to have a look at the instructions. Welcome to this page on the net particularly if you have arrived here by looking for information on the typical app essay. It means you've looked past the very first few pages of their site, or did more than just take the typical tour once you visited campus. If you aren't completely sure you have chosen the correct topic, you're not alone. If you decide to answer this essay, you should identify an issue with meaning and importance to you. Deciding upon the topic for your own personal essay can feel like a substantial decision with a lot riding on it, but the truth is this decision isn't as final as it feels within this moment. Having just said there is no such thing as a perfect answer, additionally, it is important to know that a few answers become used a whole lot, and that may make it more challenging to compose an essay on such topic that will get noticed. Be aware you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems which need to be solved later on. Write about a problem which you have or would like to address. Consider what your concerns relating to this problem reveal about the type of person that you are or hope to be. Don't neglect to explain why the challenge is valuable to you! Clearly articulate the issue. What's so effective concerning the introduction of this essay is it puts you right into the center of the action, using evocative language to create an awareness of time and place. This essay is quite obvious that the player isn't on top of their game, and there's no shame in that. An excellent essay will demonstrate that you're the sort of person who can bounce back and learn from an experience. Vanessa's essay succeeds on a lot of fronts.
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
The Obesity Epidemic In The United_States - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 621 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Obesity Essay Obesity in America Essay Did you like this example? The obesity epidemic has been an issue not only throughout the whole world but specifically in the United States for quite some time now. With that being said the overweight population has far more complex health issues as well as many difficult challenges involving the health care system. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that a person with obesity can face many health conditions such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, death etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Obesity Epidemic In The United_States" essay for you Create order Background In the article ?Obesity Prevalence in the United Statesâ€Å" Up, Down, or Sideways? by Susan Yanovski and Jack Yanovski, states that some investigators suggest that a large percentage of Americans if not 100% will be obese, meaning their BMI will be over 25, by the year 2050. Other investigators state that the United States obesity rates, even though they are high have become stabilized. The Yanovskis talk about which to believe since this information is coming from the same place. Government agencies have two different ways of collecting the United States population BMI scores, one through the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for adults and the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance system (YRBS) for high school aged students. The differences between the two samplings is that the NHANES is an actual measure of the exact height and weight of the individual whereas the BRFSS and YRBS is self-reported height and weight. The results from the NHANES are much more reliable since people tend to say that their height is taller than they truly are and that they weigh less than they really do. The Yanovskis have found that data from either the NHANES or the BRFSS/YRBS is still too high and is causing diseases to also increase in children and adults. This being said children are beginning to get diseases that people typically would not get until they are older. These diseases include type two diabetes and hypertension, which can cause even bigger issues when these children do grow older. According to the study in the article ?Morbid obesity rates continue to rise rapidly in the United States written by R. Sturm and A. Hattori the body mass index (BMI) has increased by 0.4 per decade for the last three decades (pg2). You can calculate your BMI by taking your weight in kilometers and then dividing it by your height in meters squared. A normal BMI is around 18-25 and you are considered to be obese if your BMI is over 30. The United States with the highest BMI throughout the high income countries, which may not be a surprise to you due to the large rates of unhealthy/ fast foods that are consumed. Strum and Hattori constructed a telephone survey of adults from 1986 until 2010. They used the BRFSS survey which asks for the self-proclaimed height and weights of the adults in the household and then proceeded to calculate the BMI. They were able to put these into categories with related BMI scores and focused on two categories specifically, 40.0-49.9 and 50.0- and above. Table Graph The results of the table (pg 5) show the results from 2000-2010 in the prevalence in different BMI categories.The results of the graph (pg 5)show the extreme growth of obesity rates over the 24 year period. As you can see there is a slow down around 2005 which may be due to the large concern of obesity in the United states. But you can still see that the higher BMI categories do increase at a much faster rate than the lower BMI category. The study did come with a few limitations which include only being able to reach out to individuals with landline phones and the self-proclaimed height and weight.
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